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What Organization Regulates And Oversees The Registering Of Domain Names?

Written By Friday, 20 May 2022 Add Comment Edit

Department of ICANN, a nonprofit private American corporation

Cyberspace Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA)
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority logo.svg
Founded 1988; 34 years ago  (1988)
Founder U.S. Federal Government
Focus Manage DNS root zones
Headquarters 12025 Waterfront Drive, Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA 90094-2536, United states
Location
  • Playa Vista, California,
    United States
Owner ICANN

Cardinal people

 Kim Davies
Website www.iana.org Edit this at Wikidata

The Internet Assigned Numbers Dominance (IANA) is a standards organization that oversees global IP address allocation, autonomous system number resource allotment, root zone management in the Domain Name System (DNS), media types, and other Net Protocol-related symbols and Internet numbers.[1] [2]

Currently it is a office of ICANN, a nonprofit private American corporation established in 1998 primarily for this purpose under a United states Department of Commerce contract.[3] ICANN managed IANA direct from 1998 through 2016, when information technology was transferred to Public Technical Identifiers (PTI), an affiliate of ICANN that operates IANA today. Before it, IANA was administered principally past Jon Postel at the Information Sciences Establish (ISI) of the University of Southern California (USC) situated at Marina Del Rey (Los Angeles), under a contract USC/ISI had with the United States Department of Defense.

In addition, five regional Internet registries delegate number resources to their customers, local Cyberspace registries, Internet service providers, and end-user organizations. A local Internet registry is an organisation that assigns parts of its allocation from a regional Internet registry to other customers. Most local Internet registries are also Net service providers.

Responsibilities [edit]

IANA is broadly responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet protocols that are published every bit Request for Comments documents. These documents describe methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Net and Internet-connected systems.[4] IANA maintains a shut liaison with the Internet Applied science Task Force (IETF) and RFC Editorial team in fulfilling this function.[2]

In the case of the two major Cyberspace namespaces, namely IP addresses and domain names, extra administrative policy and delegation to subordinate administrations is required considering of the multi-layered distributed use of these resources.

IANA is responsible for consignment of Internet numbers[5] [6] which are numerical identifiers assigned to an Net resource or used in the networking protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. Examples include IP addresses and autonomous system (AS) numbers.

IP addresses [edit]

: IPv6 Prefix Assignment machinery with IANA, RIRs, and ISPs.

IANA delegates allocations of IP address blocks to regional Internet registries (RIRs). Each RIR allocates addresses for a dissimilar area of the world.[7] Collectively the RIRs take created the Number Resource Organization formed as a body to stand for their collective interests and ensure that policy statements are coordinated globally.[8]

The RIRs dissever their allocated address pools into smaller blocks and delegate them to Internet service providers and other organizations in their operating regions.[nine] Since the introduction of the CIDR organisation, IANA has typically allocated address infinite in the size of /8 prefix blocks for IPv4 and/23 to/12 prefix blocks from the 2000::/iii IPv6 block to requesting regional registries every bit needed. Since the exhaustion of the Net Protocol Version 4 address space, no farther IPv4 address space is allocated by IANA.[ citation needed ]

Domain names [edit]

IANA administers the data in the root nameservers, which course the top of the hierarchical Domain name system (DNS) tree.[ten] This chore involves liaising with top-level domain "Registrar-of-Tape"s, the root nameserver operators, and ICANN's policy making apparatus.[eleven]

Since the root zone was cryptographically signed in 2010, IANA is besides responsible for vital parts of the key management for the DNSSEC operations (specifically, it is the "Root Zone KSK Operator"). Amongst other things, this involves regularly holding signing ceremonies where members of a group of Trusted Customs Representatives (TCR) physically meet at a predefined location, and go through scripted procedures to generate key textile and signing keys.[12] The TCRs tin can't be affiliated with ICANN, PTI (an ICANN chapter) or Verisign because of these organizations' operational roles in the cardinal direction, but are chosen from the broader DNS community.[xiii] Past and nowadays TCRs include Vinton Cerf, Dan Kaminsky, Dmitry Burkov, Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder and John Curran.[xiv]

IANA operates the int registry for international treaty organizations, the arpa zone for Internet infrastructure purposes, including reverse DNS service, and other critical zones such as root-servers.[four]

Protocol assignments [edit]

IANA maintains protocol registries in tables of protocols and their parameters and coordinates registration of protocols.[15] As of 2015 in that location were over 2,800 registries and subregistries.[iv]

Time zone database [edit]

The IANA fourth dimension zone database holds the time zone differences and rules for the various regions of the world and allows this data to be mirrored and used by computers and other electronic devices to maintain proper configuration for timekeeping.

IANA assumed responsibleness for the database on Oct 16, 2011, afterwards the Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al. [16] decision caused the shutdown of the FTP server which had previously been the primary source of the database.[17] [18]

Language subtag registry [edit]

The IANA Language Subtag Registry was divers by IETF RFC5646 and maintained by IANA.[nineteen] [20]

History [edit]

IANA was established informally every bit a reference to diverse technical functions for the ARPANET, that Jon Postel and Joyce Thousand. Reynolds performed at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and at the Academy of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute. On March 26, 1972, Vint Cerf and Jon Postel at UCLA called for establishing a socket number catalog in RFC 322. Network administrators were asked to submit a annotation or place a telephone call, "describing the function and socket numbers of network service programs at each HOST".[21] This catalog was afterwards published as RFC 433 in December 1972.[22] In it Postel outset proposed a registry of assignments of port numbers to network services, calling himself the arbiter of socket numbers.[23]

The first reference to the name "IANA" in the RFC series is in RFC 1083, published in December, 1988 by Postel at USC-ISI, referring to Joyce 1000. Reynolds as the IANA contact. However the part, and the term, was well established long before that; RFC 1174 says that "Throughout its unabridged history, the Internet arrangement has employed a central Net Assigned Numbers Authorisation (IANA)..."[24]

In 1995, the National Science Foundation authorized Network Solutions to assess domain proper name registrants a $50 fee per year for the start ii years, 30 percentage of which was to exist deposited in the Intellectual Infrastructure Fund (IIF), a fund to exist used for the preservation and enhancement of the intellectual infrastructure of the Internet.[25] There was widespread dissatisfaction with this concentration of ability (and money) in one company, and people looked to IANA for a solution. Postel wrote up a draft[26] on IANA and the creation of new meridian level domains. He was trying to institutionalize IANA. In hindsight, this would have been valuable, since he unexpectedly died about two years later.

In Jan 1998, Postel was threatened by US Presidential science advisor Ira Magaziner with the argument "You'll never work on the Internet again" after Postel collaborated with root server operators to examination using a root server other than Network Solutions' "A" root to act as the dominance over the root zone. Demonstrating that control of the root was from the IANA rather than from Network Solutions would take clarified IANA'southward say-so to create new top-level domains as a step to resolving the DNS Wars, only he concluded his effort after Magaziner's threat, and died not long subsequently.[27] [28]

Jon Postel managed the IANA office from its inception on the ARPANET until his decease in Oct 1998. By his almost thirty years of "selfless service",[29] Postel created his de facto authority to manage key parts of the Internet infrastructure. Later on his death, Joyce 1000. Reynolds, who had worked with him for many years, managed the transition of the IANA function to ICANN.

Starting in 1988, IANA was funded by the U.Due south. authorities under a contract between the Defence Advanced Research Projects Bureau and the Data Sciences Institute. This contract expired in April 1997, just was extended to preserve IANA.[30]

On December 24, 1998, USC entered into a transition understanding with the Net Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICANN, transferring the IANA project to ICANN, effective January 1, 1999, thus making IANA an operating unit of ICANN.[31]

In June 1999, at its Oslo coming together, IETF signed an agreement with ICANN concerning the tasks that IANA would perform for the IETF; this is published every bit RFC 2860.[32]

On February eight, 2000, the Department of Commerce entered into an agreement with ICANN for ICANN to perform the IANA functions.[33]

On October 7, 2013 the Montevideo Statement on the Time to come of Internet Cooperation was released by the leaders of a number of organizations involved in coordinating the Internet's global technical infrastructure, loosely known equally the "I*" (or "I-star") group. Amidst other things, the statement "expressed potent concern over the undermining of the trust and confidence of Net users globally due to recent revelations of pervasive monitoring and surveillance" and "called for accelerating the globalization of ICANN and IANA functions, towards an environs in which all stakeholders, including all governments, participate on an equal basis". This want to move abroad from a United States centric approach is seen as a reaction to the ongoing NSA surveillance scandal. The argument was signed past the heads of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the Internet Engineering Task Force, the Internet Compages Board, the World wide web Consortium, the Cyberspace Social club, and the 5 regional Cyberspace address registries (African Network Information Center, American Registry for Internet Numbers, Asia-Pacific Network Information Center, Latin America and Caribbean Cyberspace Addresses Registry, and Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre).[34] [35] [36]

In October 2013, Fadi Chehadé, electric current President and CEO of ICANN, met with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in Brasilia. Upon Chehadé's invitation, the 2 appear that Brazil would host an international summit on Internet governance in April 2014.[37] The announcement came after the 2013 disclosures of mass surveillance by the U.Southward. government, and President Rousseff'due south speech at the opening session of the 2013 Un General Assembly, where she strongly criticized the American surveillance plan as a "breach of international law". The "Global Multistakeholder Coming together on the Future of Net Governance (Internet mundial)" will include representatives of government, industry, civil society, and academia.[ citation needed ] At the IGF VIII meeting in Bali in October 2013 a commenter noted that Brazil intends the coming together to be a "summit" in the sense that it will exist high level with determination-making authority.[38] The organizers of the "NET mundial" coming together accept decided that an online forum chosen "/1net", set up by the I* grouping, will be a major conduit of non-governmental input into the three committees preparing for the meeting in April.[36] [39] [forty]

In April 2014 the NetMundial Initiative, a plan for international governance of the Internet, was proposed at the Global Multistakeholder Coming together on the Future of Internet Governance (GMMFIG) conference (23–24 April 2014)[41] [42] [43] and later developed into the NetMundial Initiative by ICANN CEO Fadi Chehade along with representatives of the Globe Economic Forum (WEF)[44] and the Brazilian Internet Steering Commission (Comitê Gestor da Cyberspace no Brasil), unremarkably referred to as "CGI.br".[45]

The coming together produced a nonbinding statement in favor of consensus-based decision-making. It reflected a compromise and did not harshly condemn mass surveillance or include the words "net neutrality", despite initial support for that from Brazil. The last resolution says ICANN should exist nether international control by September 2015.[46] A minority of governments, including Russia, China, Iran and Bharat, were unhappy with the final resolution and wanted multi-lateral management for the Internet, rather than broader multi-stakeholder direction.[47]

A month later, the Panel On Global Internet Cooperation and Governance Mechanisms (convened by the Net Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the Earth Economical Forum (WEF) with assistance from The Annenberg Foundation), supported and included the NetMundial statement in its ain report.[48]

Oversight [edit]

IANA was managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) nether contract with the Us Department of Commerce (DOC) and pursuant to an agreement with the IETF from 1998 to 2016.[ii] [49] The Department of Commerce too provided an ongoing oversight role, whereby it verified additions and changes made in the DNS root zone to ensure IANA complied with its policies. The Cyberspace Architecture Board (IAB), on behalf of the IETF, could cease the agreement under which ICANN performs IANA functions with six months detect.[50]

ICANN and the Department of Commerce made an agreement for the "joint evolution of the "mechanisms methods, and procedures necessary to consequence the transition of Internet domain name and addressing system (DNS) to the private sector" via a "Joint Project Agreement" in 1998.

On January 28, 2003, the Section of Commerce, via the Conquering and Grants Part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, issued a notice of intent to extend the IANA contract for 3 years. In Baronial 2006, the U.S. Department of Commerce extended the IANA contract with ICANN past an boosted five years, bailiwick to annual renewals.[51]

Since ICANN is managing a worldwide resources, while the IANA function is contracted to ICANN past the US Section of Commerce, various proposals have been brought forward to decouple the IANA function from ICANN.[52]

On October 1, 2009 the "Joint Project Agreement" betwixt ICANN and U.S. Section of Commerce expired, replaced by an "Affidavit of Commitments".[53] [54] On March 14, 2014, the U.Due south. Section of Commerce appear its intent to transition key Internet domain name functions to a global multi-stakeholder customs.[55] [56]

In Baronial 2016 ICANN incorporated Public Technical Identifiers, a non-profit chapter corporation in California, to accept over the IANA functions in one case the current contract expired at the end of September.[57] [58] The Section of Commerce confirmed that its criteria for transitioning IANA Stewardship to the Internet multistakeholder community had been met, and that it intended to allow its contract with ICANN to elapse on September 30, 2016, allowing the transition to take consequence.[59] [60] [61] On October the contract between the United States Department of Commerce and ICANN to perform the IANA functions was allowed to expire and the stewardship of IANA functions was officially transitioned to the private-sector.[62] [63]

Managers [edit]

  • In 1972, Jon Postel and Joyce Chiliad. Reynolds.
  • In 1998, Joyce Thou. Reynolds.
  • In 2003, Doug Barton.
  • In 2005, David Conrad.
  • In 2010, Elise Gerich.
  • In 2018, Kim Davies.[64]

Come across likewise [edit]

  • American Registry for Net Numbers
  • Internet governance
  • List of it acronyms
  • List of TCP and UDP port numbers
  • Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
  • National Internet registry
  • NetMundial Initiative, a plan for international governance of the Internet outset proposed at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Futurity of Cyberspace Governance (GMMFIG) conference, 23–24 April 2014).
  • Individual Enterprise Number
  • Registration authority

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority". Public Technical Identifiers. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  2. ^ a b c B. Carpenter, F. Baker, M. Roberts (June 2000). MoU Betwixt IETF and ICANN concerning IANA. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2860. RFC 2860. {{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  3. ^ Elise Gerich (2016-ten-25). "IANA Services Update". RIPE 73 Archives. Madrid, Spain: RIPE. Retrieved 2016-11-02 .
  4. ^ a b c "The IANA Functions: An Introduction to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions" (PDF). ICANN. Dec 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  5. ^ "RFC 790". www.ripe.net. RIPE. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  6. ^ "RFC 1166". world wide web.ripe.net. RIPE. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  7. ^ R. Housley, J. Curran, G. Huston, D. Conrad (August 2013). The Internet Numbers Registry System. doi:10.17487/RFC7020. RFC 7020. {{citation}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  8. ^ "Nigh the NRO". Number Resource Organization. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  9. ^ "Getting Net Number Resource". Number Resource Organization. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  10. ^ DeNardis, Laura (2014). The Global War for Internet Governance. Yale University Press. p. 49. ISBN9780300181357.
  11. ^ Mueller, Milton (2002). Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace. MIT Press. ISBN9780262263795.
  12. ^ "DNSSEC Practice Statement for the Root Zone KSK Operator". IANA. 7 Apr 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  13. ^ "Criteria for Trusted Community Representatives". IANA. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  14. ^ "Trusted Community Representatives". Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  15. ^ "IANA - Protocol Registries". Public Technical Identifiers. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  16. ^ "Astrolabe, Inc. five. Olson et al". 2011-x-06. Retrieved 2011-x-16 .
  17. ^ "ICANN rescues time zone database". The Annals. 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2011-x-sixteen .
  18. ^ "IANA - Time Zone Database". 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-06-12 .
  19. ^ "Registration Templates". Language Subtag Registry (in Kinyarwanda). 2021-12-29. Retrieved 2022-01-08 .
  20. ^ "RFC 5646: Tags for Identifying Languages". » RFC Editor. 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2022-01-08 .
  21. ^ V. Cerf, J. Postel (26 March 1972). Well Known Socket Numbers. IETF. doi:x.17487/RFC0322. RFC 322.
  22. ^ Jon Postel, Nancy Neigus (22 December 1972). Socket Number List. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC0433. RFC 433.
  23. ^ J. Postel (30 May 1972). Proposed Standard Socket Numbers. IETF. doi:x.17487/RFC0349. RFC 349.
  24. ^ V. Cerf (Baronial 1990). IAB Recommended Policy on Distributing Cyberspace Identifier Assignment and IAB Recommended Policy Change to Cyberspace "Continued" Status. IETF. doi:x.17487/RFC1174. RFC 1174.
  25. ^ "NTIA DNS Statement of Policy". June 1998.
  26. ^ J. Postel (June 1996). New Registries and the Delegation of International Superlative Level Domains. IETF. I-D typhoon-postel-iana-itld-admin-0.
  27. ^ Damien Cave (July ii, 2002). "It's time for ICANN to go". Salon.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.
  28. ^ Dave Farber (July 2, 2002). "a comment on Gilmore: ICANN Must Go (good insights)". Interesting-people mailing listing. Archived from the original on May 25, 2010.
  29. ^ V. Cerf (October 1998). I Remember IANA. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2468. RFC 2468.
  30. ^ Snyder, Joel; Konstantinos, Komaitis; Robachevsky, Andrei (9 May 2016). "The History of IANA - An Extended Timeline with Citations and Commentary". Internet Order . Retrieved seven March 2018.
  31. ^ "USC ICANN Transition Agreement". ICANN. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  32. ^ "Memorandum of Understanding Apropos the Technical Work of the Cyberspace Assigned Numbers Potency". Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  33. ^ "IANA Functions Contract" (PDF). Dept of Commerce/NTIA. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  34. ^ Montevideo Argument on the Time to come of Internet Cooperation, ICANN, 7 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  35. ^ "Brazil'due south anti-NSA prez urged to SNATCH keys to the internet from America", Rik Myslewski, The Register, eleven Oct 2013. Retrieved 11 Oct 2013.
  36. ^ a b Milton Mueller (2013-eleven-19). "Booting up Brazil". IGP Blog . Retrieved 2014-02-11 .
  37. ^ "Entrevista com Fadi Chehadé: Brasil sediará encontro mundial de governança da internet em 2014", Palácio do Planalto, 9 Oct 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  38. ^ "Chair's Summary", 8th Meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), Bali, Indonesia, 22–25 October 2013. Retrieved v November 2013.
  39. ^ "CENTR: Internet Governance in 2013 and What'southward Coming Up in 2014". CircleID. 2014-01-27. Retrieved 2014-02-eleven .
  40. ^ Paul Wilson (2013-eleven-29). "What Is "1net" to Me". CircleID blog . Retrieved 2014-02-xi .
  41. ^ "NETmundial Multistakeholder Argument Concludes Act Ane of 2014 Cyberspace Governance Trifecta". CircleID. 2014-05-03. Retrieved 2014-06-02 .
  42. ^ "ICANN Releases Roadmap, Timeline for Future Management of Net". PC Tech Magazine. 2014-05-21. Retrieved 2014-06-02 .
  43. ^ "Future of the internet debated at NetMundial in Brazil". BBC News. 2014-04-23. Retrieved 2014-06-02 .
  44. ^ "NETmundial Initiative - Debrief with Founding Partners". Archived from the original on 2015-02-09. Retrieved 2014-09-02 .
  45. ^ "Public Declaration on the NETmundial Initiative issued by members of the board of CGI.br". Retrieved 2014-09-02 .
  46. ^ "At NETmundial, the U.Southward. Kept Its Companies on the Global Stage". Businessweek. 2014-04-30. Retrieved 2014-06-02 .
  47. ^ "The futurity of the internet". Business organization Standard. 2014-05-03. Retrieved 2014-06-02 .
  48. ^ "Towards a Collaborative, Decentralized Internet Governance Ecosystem - report by the Panel On Global Internet Cooperation and Governance Mechanisms". 2014-05-20. Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2014-06-02 .
  49. ^ "The IANA stewardship transition: what is happening? (Office I) | DiploFoundation". world wide web.diplomacy.edu. 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2016-09-20 .
  50. ^ "2020 ICANN-IETF MoU Supplemental Understanding" (PDF) . Retrieved Jan 12, 2021.
  51. ^ ICANN awarded net administration until 2011 by The Annals
  52. ^ "IANA FUNCTIONS: THE Nuts" (PDF).
  53. ^ "Affirmation of Commitments by the United States Department of Commerce and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" (PDF). Usa Department of Commerce. September xxx, 2009. Retrieved 2016-09-xiv .
  54. ^ US Regime finally lets ICANN go by ZDNet
  55. ^ "NTIA Announces Intent to Transition Key Internet Domain Name Functions". United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved fifteen March 2014.
  56. ^ "U.S. Plans to Surrender Oversight of Spider web Domain Manager". Wall Street Periodical. 14 March 2014. Retrieved fifteen March 2014.
  57. ^ "ICANN Announces Incorporation of Public Technical Identifiers (PTI)" (Press release). ICANN. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  58. ^ Ribeiro, John (12 Baronial 2016). "IANA successor organization set up up amid cyberspace handover controversy". Computerworld.
  59. ^ "The IANA stewardship transition: what is happening? (Part II) | DiploFoundation". www.affairs.edu. 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2016-09-twenty .
  60. ^ "US Government Announces Go-Ahead For IANA Transition By Oct". Intellectual Property Watch. 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2016-09-14 .
  61. ^ "Update on the IANA Transition". U.s. Department of Commerce. Baronial xvi, 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-fourteen .
  62. ^ "Stewardship of IANA Functions Transitions to Global Internet Customs every bit Contract with U.S. Regime Ends". 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-03 .
  63. ^ "Statement of Assistant Secretary Strickling on IANA functions contract". 2016-ten-01. Retrieved 2016-10-03 .
  64. ^ "Kim Davies Appointed VP, IANA Functions and President, PTI". 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2018-01-26 .

External links [edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • IANA MIME media types list
  • IANA graphic symbol sets
  • Numbers Resources Organization
  • USC/ICANN transition understanding
  • IANA Functions Purchase Order of the The states Department of Commerce
  • ICANN contract for IANA, March 2003
  • IANA List of Registrars

What Organization Regulates And Oversees The Registering Of Domain Names?,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority

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